The brain, the gut, and the HPA axis connect the external world with the human body, and so they must be influenced by external noxious elements that might affect the body glucose homeostatic dynamics somehow. The correct approach is to consider this systems coupled to the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis, the Gut-Brain (GB) A axis, the Gut-Liver-Brain (GLB) axis, Microbiota-Gut-Liver-Brain (MGLB) axis and to the brain as a unit itself, in general. It is indeed a non-self-consistent way to see the real self-consistent homeostatic system. Īn important remark is that this scheme ( Figure 1) does not consider how the brain itself intervenes in this process for good or for bad. Anomalies in this system are highly harmful to humans. These are highly developed systems hence it is fundamental the role of hormones and electrical impulses in this control system any anomalies can induce hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia. Physiological glycemic levels are achieved through an integrated action between the different organs and systems that act in response to a set of blood glucose detection mechanisms, such as the glucose sensing neurons. Extremely high blood glucose concentrations result in loss of blood volume, low blood pressure, and impaired central nervous system function (hyperglycemic coma).”Īlthough external conditions are subject to variations, homeostatic mechanisms ensure that the effects of these changes are not noxious for organisms, if this mechanism works properly. Mild hyperglycemia causes no symptoms, but more severe hyperglycemia causes an increase in urine volume and thirst, fatigue and weakness, and increased susceptibility to infection. It is caused by a decrease in the production of insulin, a decrease in the action of insulin, or a combination of the two abnormalities. Hyperglycemia results from a decrease in the body’s ability to utilize or store glucose after carbohydrates are ingested and from an increase in the production of glucose by the liver during the intervals between meals. “hyperglycemia, elevation of blood glucose concentrations above the normal range it is the laboratory finding that establishes a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Since our main target here is to discuss children’s hyperglycemia at large, for the sake of a universal general definition of hyperglycemia and harmonization of terms, we refer here to the Encyclopedia Britannica (): The maintenance of euglycemia is critical to preventing both hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia in this scenario, and the homeostasis process plays fundamental role ( Figure 1,Figure is by: Shannan Muskopf from ). Thus, they promote the adjustment of glucose homeostasis which is of paramount importance to avoid complications such as nondiabetic hyperglycemia or diabetes mellitus. The action of glucagon is to stimulate the production of glucose by the liver, and that of insulin, in opposition, is to block this production. ![]() These hormones dynamics are coupled to internal but also to external events such as stress, in its several levels. The regulation of blood glucose in the body basically depends on two fundamentals hormones, glucagon and insulin coupled many times to cortisol. ![]() Finally, it is shown that persistent novel external noxious factors of modernity or noxious factors already known, but amplified by modernity, such as persistent stress, media induced fears, and phobias, environmental pollution, and electromagnetic pollution, can and should also be considered as possible precursors for the development of anomalies in the juvenile homeostatic glycemic system that might well be, if intense and persistent, the driver of the worldwide observed T1DM epidemic events. Also, in this work, some considerations were presented to show that anomalies in the cerebral glycemic control through the glucose sensor neurons might be a possible cause/origin of some of the glycemic abnormalities and dysfunctions (however, not only the known related hypoglycemia but also hyperglycemia) that occur in childhood. ![]() Based on this study, we have shown that the human glycemic management system must be seen as coupled and integrated by four subsystems, namely, production system, consumption system, distribution system, control system, and also it should be seen as coupled to external noxious factors/stressors, if not we show that the glycemic homeostasis analysis might be defective and might induce, in many cases, a misdiagnosis of the causes of the persistent hyperglycemia under consideration. In this work, children’s persistent hyperglycemia has been revised using the available literature to support the proposed reasoning.
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